Scene/Page Breakdown
Act I, Scene 1: Pages 7 - 19 (12 pages)
Act I, Scene 2: Pages 19 - 30 (11 pages)
Act I, Scene 3: Pages 30 - 35 (5 pages)
Act II: Pages 36 - 47 (11 pages)
Act III, Scene 1: Pages 47 - 65 (18 pages)
Act III, Scene 2: Pages 65 - 68 (3 pages)
Godey's Lady's Book, alternatively known as Godey's Magazine
and Lady's Book, was a United States magazine which was published
in Philadelphia. It was the most widely circulated magazine in the period
before the Civil War.[1] Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the
1840s to 150,000 in 1860.[2] In the 1860s Godey's considered
itself the "queen of monthlies".
The magazine is best known for
the hand-tinted fashion plate that appeared at the start of each
issue, which provide a record of the progression of women's dress.
Publisher Louis Godey showed off that in 1859, it cost $105,200 to produce
the Lady's Book, with the coloring of the fashion-plates costing $8,000. Almost every issue also included
an illustration and pattern with measurements for
a garment to be sewn at home. A sheet
of music for piano provided the
latest waltz, polka or galop.
Edgar Allan Poe had one
of his earliest short stories "The Visionary" (later
renamed "The Assignation") printed in Godey's in 1834.
Pyracantha is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in
the family Rosaceae, with common
names firethorn or pyracantha. They are native to an area
extending from Southeast Europe east to Southeast Asia, resemble and are
related to Cotoneaster, but have serrated leaf margins and
numerous thorns (Cotoneaster is thornless).
The plants reach up to
6 m (20 ft) tall. The seven species have white flowers and red,
orange, or yellow berries (more correctly pomes). The flowers are produced
during late spring and early summer; the pomes develop from late summer, and
mature in late autumn.
Regale [ri-geyl]: To entertain lavishly or agreeably; delight,
to entertain with choice food or drink, to feast.
Baksheesh [bak-sheesh, bak-sheesh] (in the Near and Middle East)
a tip, present, or gratuity or to give a tip.
Diospolis Magna: Thebes (Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι, Thēbai)
is the Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt, natively known
as Waset, located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the
east bank of the river Nile within the modern city of Luxor. The
Theban is situated nearby on the west bank of the Nile.
Sepulchre(s) [sep-uhl-ker] A burial vault, tomb or grave
Mummification: Materials Used During the Mummification
Process
Most of these materials were
mentioned by the ancient authors Herodotus, Diodorus, or Pliny as being
used in the mummification process. For each, there is a comment on modern
scientific evidence to support or refute these claims. Items not mentioned by
the ancient authors but found in relation to mummies studied in modern times
are listed as well.
Alum: There is no evidence of its deliberate use.
Beeswax: This substance was often used to cover the ears,
eyes, nose, mouth, and embalming incision. It is sometimes found on other parts
of the body. Beeswax figures of the four sons of Horus accompanied the canopic
packages of Dynasty 21 mummies.
Bitumen: The only human mummies on which bitumen was
used were from the Graeco-Roman period in Egypt, and the material was not
universally used even then. It may have been used on some animal mummies.
Cassia and Cinnamon: These substances are similar; both are
from varieties of laurel that grow in India, Ceylon, and China. In ancient
times cassia and cinnamon consisted of the bark plus flower-tops, twigs, and
wood of these plants. Assuming that cassia and cinnamon were known during the
times of the pharaohs, they would naturally have been used as flavoring and
perfuming materials and also possibly as incense. Herodotus mentions cassia and
Diodorus mentions cinnamon (possibly the same material being meant in both
cases) as having been used in mummification. Two scholarly references have been
made to cassia or cinnamon in relation to mummies. Neither is considered
satisfactory or final.
Cedar Oil, Cedri Succus, Cedrium: The cedar oil spoken of
by Herodotus and Diodorus is probably actually made from the juniper plant. One
author says it was injected and the other that it was used for anointing. For
each function, differing juniper products would be necessary: theinjection
fluid was probably oil of turpentine containing wood tar; the anointing fluid
was probably ordinary oil perfumed by volatile oil of juniper. Modern-day cedar
oil is made through a distillation process unknown until a late date. The cedri
succus mentioned by Pliny was the natural resin of some coniferous tree,
probably never cedar, but often the juniper. There is ample evidence that this
was used for embalming by the ancient Egyptians. Cedrium, as defined by
Pliny was pyroligneous acid containing mixed oil of turpentine and wood tar,
for the use of which no Egyptian evidence has been found. The
term cedrium, however, might not unreasonably have been used to mean wood
tar alone, which was sometimes employed by the Egyptians for embalming.
Henna: The flowers were probably used in ancient Egypt for
perfuming ointments and the leaves were used as a cosmetic to color the palms
of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the hair. It was thought that it was
used to paint these parts of mummies as well as the finger and toe nails, but
this discoloration may actually have been from the embalming process.
Honey: Two jars in Tutankhamun's tomb were labeled as
containing honey, but none was found in the jars.
Juniper berries: These berries are found both placed on the
body and placed in the tombs. They seem to be directly connected with the cedar
wood used for coffins and shrines and the cedar oil used on the bodies. (See
the cedar oil entry above). Juniper does not grow in Egypt, although it is
found in other places in the Mediterranean. It may have grown in Egypt during
an earlier period, but importation is more likely.
Lichen: In some Dynasty 21-23 mummies, the abdomen was packed
with dried lichen.
Natron: Natron, a naturally-occurring salt, has been found in
cases and jars in tombs, in packages in tombs, in pits with refuse embalming
materials, encrusted in wooden embalming tables, and on certain mummies. It was
regarded as a great purifying agent, probably because it cleansed by chemically
destroying fat and grease. Natron was used in all purification ceremonies and
was also mixed with incense for purification.
Ointments: Mummificiation may have included anointing the body
with fragrant gum-resins (frankincense and myrrh) and various oils and fats
(cedar oil, ox fat and ointments) as a religious ceremony between the end of
embalming and the beginning of wrapping. This process is mentioned in several
Egyptian papyri. After wrapping, there was apparently another ceremony that
consisted of pouring a liquid or semi-liquid resinous material over the mummy
and sometimes also over the coffin and over the viscera after they
had been put into the canopic box.
Onions: These have been found in the bandages and coffins from
Dynasty 22, and even as early as Dynasty 13. Onion skins were sometimes placed
over the eyes of the dead. Onions have also been placed in the pelvis, in the
thorax, and in the external ears.
Paint: Black, blue, brown, grey, green, orange, pink, red,
white, and yellow were the colors used in ancient Egyptian painting. The paints
could be applied to stone, cartonnage, wood, or papyrus rolls. The type of
paint they used is called tempera. Tempera paints are made by mixing the source
of the color, called the pigment, with water and an adhesive (a sticky
substance that helps the paint stick to the surface to which it is being
applied). The pigments used in Egyptian paints came from natural materials such
as powdered minerals (copper, for example), chalk, and soot. For true tempera
paints egg yolks are used as the adhesive, though some scientists believe that
egg whites and glue were also used by the ancient Egyptians. Glue was created
by boiling animal bones, skins, cartilage, and tendons until the gelatin was
released. [Note: gelatin is what makes Jell-O harden.] The gelatin glue was
then put in molds and allowed to harden until ready for use.
Palm Wine: Both Herodotus and Diodorus state it was used for
cleaning the body cavities and viscera during the embalming process.
It is not a substance that remains on the body for a long period of time, so
modern scientists have no current physical evidence of its use.
Resin: It was put in graves even before mummification,
probably for incense. In the tombs of mummies, it was also found in conjunction
with natron. In Tutankhamen's tomb, personal ornaments and other objects were
made of resin. Resin was also used as a varnish and as a cementing
material.
True Resins: True resins were obtained from the eastern
Mediterranean. The trees that may have been used were (Lebanon) cedar (though
it does not produce resins in great amounts), (Cilician) fir, and (Aleppo)
pine.
Gum Resins: The gum-resins are probably myrrh.
Sawdust: It has been fonud in mummy body cavities, canopic
jars, other tomb packages, and refuse embalming material.
Spices: Herodotus and Diodorus mention spices in general, but
they do not list specific ones other than cassia and cinnamon.
Wood Pitch and Wood Tar: Wood
pitch would have been used in late mummies. Sometimes it is found inside the
skull. Wood tar has been found in an ibis mummy and a funerary vase. These were
probably imported, because they are fragrant and the wood pitch and tar
produced in Egypt would not have been from fragrant, coniferous trees.
